How Does a Linear Actuator Work? Duty Cycle, IP54, Limit Switches and Wiring Explained
New to linear actuators? This guide explains how a linear actuator works and what the terms on a datasheet mean: stroke length, force, speed, duty cycle, IP54, limit switches, power supply and wiring.
How does a linear actuator work?
An electric linear actuator has a DC motor, a gearbox, a lead screw, a rod and limit switches. The motor turns the screw, a nut moves along it and the rod extends or retracts. The motor direction sets the movement direction, and the limit switches stop it at the ends. A linear actuator with limit switch protection stops safely without any extra sensor, and a self locking linear actuator design helps hold the load when the motor stops, depending on the model.
Key terms on a linear actuator datasheet
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Stroke length | The distance the rod travels, in mm. Ours start at 50mm. |
| Force (load capacity) | The push or pull the actuator can deliver, in newtons (N). |
| Speed | How fast the rod moves, in mm/sec. Higher force usually means lower speed. |
| Voltage | The DC supply the actuator needs. Our listed models are 24VDC. If you are comparing a 12V 24V linear actuator, ask us about 12VDC configurations. |
| Duty cycle | How long the actuator may run before it must rest. Ours is rated 10%. |
| IP54 | Protection against limited dust and water splashes. |
| Limit switches | Inbuilt switches that stop the rod at both ends. |
Linear actuator duty cycle, wiring and power supply for linear actuator systems
A linear actuator duty cycle of 10% means short runs with rest in between. For linear actuator wiring, you need a DC power supply that matches its voltage and current, and a way to reverse direction. A control box does this safely and can drive several actuators together. A hand control or foot switch gives the user the buttons. Our accessories cover brackets and mounting.
Choosing a linear actuator
Pick the force first, then the speed and stroke. Use the selection guide or see linear actuator applications for examples, or compare actuator types. For a quotation, visit the manufacturer and supplier page.
Frequently asked questions
How does a linear actuator work?
An electric motor turns a gearbox and a lead screw. A nut on the screw pushes or pulls the rod, so rotation becomes straight-line motion. Reversing the motor direction reverses the movement, and limit switches stop the rod at each end.
What does a 10% duty cycle mean for a linear actuator?
The duty cycle is the share of time the actuator may run without overheating. At 10%, it should run for about 1 minute and then rest for about 9 minutes. For continuous running, choose a model rated for it or ask us.
What does IP54 mean?
IP54 means the actuator is protected against limited dust ingress and against water splashed from any direction. It is not meant for jet washing or immersion.
What is a limit switch in a linear actuator?
An inbuilt limit switch cuts the motor power when the rod reaches the end of its stroke in either direction, protecting the actuator and your equipment. Our listed models have inbuilt limit switches.
How do I connect and wire a linear actuator?
Use a DC supply that matches the actuator voltage and can supply the rated current. A control box or a reversing switch swaps the polarity to move the rod in or out. Follow the datasheet wiring for your model, and use a control box or hand control from our range for safe, tidy operation.
Can a linear actuator hold its position when power is off?
Many lead-screw actuators hold their position when the motor stops, but this depends on the model and the load. Ask us about the holding behaviour of the exact model before you design around it.
Can a linear actuator give position feedback?
Where supported, position sensors can send position feedback to a controller. Tell us if you need a linear actuator with feedback and we will check the options.
Why should I avoid side loads on a linear actuator?
A rod-type actuator is designed to push and pull in a straight line. Side loads wear the rod and bearings. Mount it so the force follows the line of the rod, with pivoting brackets at both ends.
Need help choosing a linear actuator?
Send your load (N), speed (mm/sec), stroke length (mm), voltage and application. Our Bengaluru team will recommend the right model and send a quotation.
Request a quotation